CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION,2011

maintaining soil productivity. Essential


plant nutrients and other beneficial ele-

ments in soils and plants. Principles of soil

fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommen-

dations, integrated nutrient management.

Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, ni-

trogen-use efficiency in submerged rice

soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient

phosphorus and potassium use. Problem

soils and their reclamation. Soil factors af-

fecting greenhouse gas emission.

Soil conservation, integrated watershed

management. Soil erosion and its manage-

ment. Dry land agriculture and its problems.

Technology for stabilizing agriculture pro-

duction in rain fed areas.

Water-use efficiency in relation to crop pro-

duction, criteria for scheduling irrigations,

ways and means of reducing run-off losses

of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.

Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of

waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation wa-

ter, effect of industrial effluents on soil and

water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.

Farm management, scope, importance and

characteristics, farm planning. Optimum

resource use and budgeting. Economics

of different types of farming systems. Mar-

keting management – strategies for devel-

opment, market intelligence. Price fluctua-

tions and their cost; role of co-operatives

in agricultural economy; types and systems

of farming and factors affecting them. Agri-

cultural price policy. Crop Insurance.

Agricultural extension, its importance and

role, methods of evaluation of extension

programmes, socio-economic survey and

status of big, small and marginal farmers

and landless agricultural labourers. Train-

ing programmes for extension workers.

Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in

dissemination of Agricultural technologies.

Non Government Organization (NGO) and

self-help group approach for rural devel-

opment.

PAPER - II

Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Syn-

thesis, structure and function of genetic

material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome

structure, chromosomal aberrations, link-

age and cross-over, and their significance

in recombination breeding. Polyploidy,

euploids and aneuploids. Mutations - and

their role in crop improvement. Heritability,

sterility and incompatibility, classification

and their application in crop improvement.

Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-

influenced and sex-limited characters.

History of plant breeding. Modes of repro-

duction, selfing and crossing techniques.

Origin, evolution and domestication of crop

plants, center of origin, law of homologous

series, crop genetic resources- conserva-

tion and utilization. Application of principles

of plant breeding, improvement of crop

plants. Molecular markers and their appli-

cation in plant improvement. Pure-line se-

lection, pedigree, mass and recurrent se-

lections, combining ability, its significance

in plant breeding. Heterosis and its ex-

ploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding

for disease and pest resistance. Role of

interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.

Role of genetic engineering and biotech-

nology in crop improvement. Genetically

modified crop plants.

Seed production and processing technolo-

gies. Seed certification, seed testing and

storage. DNA finger printing and seed reg-

istration. Role of public and private sec-

tors in seed production and marketing. In-

tellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues,

WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.

Principles of Plant Physiology with refer-

ence to plant nutrition, absorption, translo-

cation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil -

water- plant relationship.

Enzymes and plant pigments; photosyn-

thesis- modern concepts and factors affect-

ing the process, aerobic and anaerobic

respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.



Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.

Growth and development; photoperiodism

and vernalilzation. Plant growth sub-

stances and their role in crop production.

Physiology of seed development and ger-

mination; dormancy. Stress physiology –

draught, salt and water stress.

Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables,

spices and flower crops. Package prac-

tices of major horticultural crops. Protected

cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post

harvest technology and value addition of

fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and

commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aro-

matic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables

in human nutrition.

Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field

crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation

crops and their economic importance. Clas-

sification of pests and diseases and their

management. Integrated pest and disease

management. Storage pests and their

management. Biological control of pests

and diseases. Epidemiology and forecast-

ing of major crop pests and diseases. Plant

quarantine measures. Pesticides, their for-

mulation and modes of action.

Food production and consumption trends

in India. Food security and growing popu-

lation – vision 2020. Reasons for grain

surplus. National and international food

policies. Production, procurement, distri-

bution constraints. Availability of food

grains, per capita expenditure on food.

Trends in poverty, Public Distribution Sys-

tem and Below Poverty Line population,

Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS),

policy implementation in context to global-

ization. Processing constraints. Relation of

food production to National Dietary Guide-

lines and food consumption pattern. Food

based dietary approaches to eliminate

hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micro nutri-

ent deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutri-

tion or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM

or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and

HRD in context of work capacity of women

and children. Food grain productivity and

food security.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND

VETERINARY SCIENCE

PAPER – I

1. Animal Nutrition:

1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the

animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.

Carbon – nitrogen balance and compara-

tive slaughter methods. Systems for ex-

pressing energy value of foods in rumi-

nants, pigs and poultry. Energy require-

ments for maintenance, growth, pregnancy,

lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.

1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition.

Energy protein interrelationships. Evalua-

tion of protein quality. Use of NPN com-

pounds in ruminant diets. Protein require-

ments for maintenance, growth, preg-

nancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat pro-

duction.

1.3 Major and trace minerals - Their

sources, physiological functions and defi-

ciency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral

interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water

– soluble vitamins in the body, their sources

and deficiency symptoms.

1.4 Feed additives – methane inhibitors,

probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones,

oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers,

mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse

of growth promoters like hormones and

antibiotics – latest concepts.

1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of

feeds and feed ingredients. Recent ad-

vances in feed technology and feed pro-

cessing. Anti – nutritional and toxic factors

present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis

and quality control. Digestibility trials – di-

rect, indirect and indicator methods. Pre-

dicting feed intake in grazing animals.

1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutri-

ent requirements. Balanced rations. Feed-

ing of calves, pregnant, work animals and



breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch

animals during different stages of lactation

cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composi-

tion. Feeding of goats for meat and milk

production. Feeding of sheep for meat and

wool production.

1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements.

Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations.

Feeding of pigs for lean meat production.

Low cost rations for swine.

1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of

poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for

meat and egg production. Formulation of

rations for different classes of layers and

broilers.

2. Animal Physiology:

2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation,

respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in

health and disease.

2.2 Blood constituents - Properties and

functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglo-

bin synthesis and chemistry-plasma pro-

teins production, classification and prop-

erties, coagulation of blood;Haemorrhagic

disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-

Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer

systems in blood. Biochemical tests and

their significance in disease diagnosis.

2.3 Circulation - Physiology of heart, car-

diac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, elec-

trocardiograms. Work and efficiency of

heart-effect of ions on heart function-me-

tabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and

chemical regulation of heart, effect of tem-

perature and stress on heart, blood pres-

sure and hypertension, osmotic regulation,

arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of cir-

culation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary

circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cere-

brospinal fluid- circulation in birds.

2.4 Respiration - Mechanism of respira-

tion, Transport and exchange of gases –

neural control of respiration-chemo-recep-

tors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.

2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kid-

ney-formation of urine-methods of study-

ing renal function-renal regulation of acid-

base balance: physiological constituents

of urine-renal failure-passive venous con-

gestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat

glands and their function. Bio-chemical test

for urinary dysfunction.

2.6 Endocrine glands - Functional disor-

ders their symptoms and diagnosis. Syn-

thesis of hormones, mechanism and con-

trol of secretion- hormonal receptors-clas-

sification and function.

2.7 Growth and Animal Production- Pre-

natal and postnatal growth, maturation,

growth curves, measures of growth, fac-

tors affecting growth, conformation, body

composition, meat quality.

2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Repro-

duction and Digestion- Current status of

hormonal control of mammary develop-

ment, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male

and Female reproductive organs, their

components and functions. Digestive or-

gans and their functions.

2.9 Environmental Physiology- Physiologi-

cal relations and their regulation; mecha-

nisms of adaptation, environmental factors

and regulatory mechanisms involved in

animal behaviour, climatology – various

parameters and their importance. Animal

ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect

of stress on health and production.

3. Animal Reproduction:

Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial

Insemination- Components of semen, com-

position of spermatozoa, chemical and

physical properties of ejaculated semen,

factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.

Factors affecting semen production and

quality, preservation, composition of

diluents, sperm concentration, transport of

diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques

in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry.

Detection of oestrus and time of insemina-

tion for better conception. Anoestrus and

repeat breeding.



4. Livestock Production and Manage-

ment:

4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Compari-

son of dairy farming in India with advanced

countries. Dairying under mixed farming

and as specialized farming, economic

dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capi-

tal and land requirement, organization of

the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farm-

ing, factors determining the efficiency of

dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting,

cost of milk production, pricing policy; Per-

sonnel Management. Developing Practi-

cal and Economic rations for dairy cattle;

supply of greens throughout the year, feed

and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.

Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls,

heifers and breeding animals; new trends

in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding

records.

4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool pro-

duction- Development of practical and eco-

nomic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rab-

bits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder,

feeding regimes for young and mature

stock. New trends in enhancing produc-

tion and management. Capital and land

requirements and socio-economic con-

cept.

4.3 Feeding and management of animals

under drought, flood and other natural ca-

lamities.

5. Genetics and Animal Breeding:

History of animal genetics. Mitosis and

Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations

to Mendelian genetics; Expression of

genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex

determination, sex influenced and sex lim-

ited characters; Blood groups and polymor-

phism; Chromosome aberrations; Cyto-

plasmic inheritance. Gene and its struc-

ture; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic

code and protein synthesis; Recombinant

DNA technology. Mutations, types of mu-

tations, methods for detecting mutations

and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.

5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal

Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits;

Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. indi-

vidual; Gene and genotypic frequency;

Forces changing gene frequency; Random

drift and small populations; Theory of path

coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimat-

ing inbreeding coefficient, systems of in-

breeding, Effective population size; Breed-

ing value, estimation of breeding value,

dominance and epistatic deviation; Parti-

tioning of variation; Genotype X environ-

ment correlation and genotype X environ-

ment interaction; role of multiple measure-

ments; Resemblance between relatives.

5.2 Breeding Systems- Breeds of livestsock

and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and

genetic and phenotypic correlations, their

methods of estimation and precision of es-

timates; Aids to selection and their relative

merits; Individual, pedigree, family and

within family selection; Progeny testing;

Methods of selection; Construction of se-

lection indices and their uses; Compara-

tive evaluation of genetic gains through

various selection methods; Indirect selec-

tion and correlated response; Inbreeding,

out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding

and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of in-

bred lines for commercial production; Se-

lection for general and specific combining

ability; Breeding for threshold characters.

Sire index.

6. Extension:

Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and

principles of extension. Different Methods

adopted to educate farmers under rural

conditions. Generation of technology, its

transfer and feedback. Problems and con-

straints in transfer of technology. Animal

husbandry programmes for rural develop-

ment.

PAPER – II

1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene:

1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques:









Employment News 19 - 25 February 2011







UPSC







39



Paraffin embedding technique of tissue

processing and H.E. staining - Freezing

microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field micro-

scope and electron microscope. Cytology-

structure of cell, organells and inclusions;

cell division-cell types- Tissues and their

classification-embryonic and adult tissues-

Comparative histology of organs-Vascu-

lar. Nervous, digestive, respiratory,

musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems-

Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense or-

gans.

1.2 Embryology – Embryology of verte-

brates with special reference to aves and

domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertili-

zation-germ layers- foetal membranes and

placentation-types of placenta in domestic

mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-

organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- en-

dodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal

derivates.

1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy:

Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy

of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of

infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloal-

veolar,mental and cornual nerve block.

Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves,

pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial

nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cra-

nial nerves-structures involved in epidural

anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-sur-

face anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic,

abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative

features of locomotor apparatus and their

application in the biomechanics of mam-

malian body.

1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal sys-

tem-functional anatomy in relation to res-

piration and flying, digestion and egg pro-

duction.

1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs -

Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and

pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids

and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on

Autonomic nervous system. Modern con-

cepts of anaesthesia and dissociative

anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials

and principles of chemotherapy in micro-

bial infections. Use of hormones in thera-

peutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infec-

tions. Drug and economic concerns in the

Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy

of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to in-

secticides, plants, metals, non-metals,

zootoxins and mycotoxins.

1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to

water, air and habitation - Assessment of

pollution of water, air and soil- Importance

of climate in animal health- effect of envi-

ronment on animal function and perfor-

mance-relationship between industrializa-

tion and animal agriculture- animal hous-

ing requirements for specific categories of

domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and

sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress,

strain and productivity in relation to animal

habitation.

2. Animal Diseases:

2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis,

symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis,

and control of infectious diseases of cattle,

sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.

2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, di-

agnosis, treatment of production diseases

of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.

2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic ani-

mals and birds.

2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-spe-

cific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diar-

rhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke,

poisoning.

2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurologi-

cal disorders.

2.6 Principles and methods of immuniza-

tion of animals against specific diseases-

herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’

disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.

2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and gen-

eral-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms

and surgical interference in fractures and

dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal dis-



placement- Caesarian operations. Ru-

menotomy-Castrations.

2.8 Disease investigation techniques.-

Materials for laboratory investigation- Es-

tablishment of Animal Health Centers- Dis-

ease free zone.

3. Veterinary Public Health:

3.1 Zoonoses. - Classification, definition,

role of animals and birds in prevalence and

transmission of zoonotic diseases- occu-

pational zoonotic diseases.

3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of

epidemiological terms, application of epi-

demiological measures in the study of dis-

eases and disease control. Epidemiologi-

cal features of air, water and food borne

infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary

and phytosanitary measures.

3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and

Regulations for improvement of animal

quality and prevention of animal diseases

- State and central rules for prevention of

animal and animal product borne diseases-

S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -

Materials and Methods of collection of

samples for veterolegal investigation.

4. Milk and Milk Products Technology:

4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grad-

ing of raw milk. Processing, packaging,

storing, distribution, marketing, defects and

their control. Preparation of the following

milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned,

double toned, sterilized, homogenized,

reconstituted, recombined and flavoured

milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cul-

tures and their management, yoghurt,

Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of

flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal stan-

dards. Sanitation requirement for clean and

safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.

4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection

of raw materials, processing, storing , dis-

tributing and marketing milk products such

as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa,

Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried

milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi;

by-products, whey products, butter milk,

lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judg-

ing milk products- BIS and Agmark specifi-

cations, legal standards, quality control and

nutritive properties. Packaging, process-

ing and operational control. Costing of

dairy products.

5. Meat Hygiene and Technology:

5.1 Meat Hygiene.

5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management

of food animals, stunning, slaughter and

dressing operations; abattoir requirements

and designs; Meat inspection procedures

and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grad-

ing of carcass meat cuts- duties and func-

tions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat

production.

5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling pro-

duction of meat- Spoilage of meat and con-

trol measures- Post - slaughter physico-

chemical changes in meat and factors that

influence them- Quality improvement meth-

ods – Adulteration of meat and detection -

Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and

Industry.

5.2 Meat Technology.

5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteris-

tics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of

preservation of meat- Curing, canning, ir-

radiation, packaging of meat and meat

products, processing and formulations.

5.3 By- products- Slaughter house by- prod-

ucts and their utilization- Edible and ined-

ible by products- Social and economic im-

plications of proper utilization of slaughter

house by-products- Organ products for food

and pharmaceuticals.

5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemi-

cal composition and nutritive value of poul-

try meat, pre - slaughter care and manage-

ment. Slaughtering techniques, inspection,

preservation of poultry meat and products.

Legal and BIS standards.

Structure, composition and nutritive value

of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation





and maintenance. Marketing of poultry

meat, eggs and products. Value added

meat products.

5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit

meat production. Disposal and utilization

of fur and wool and recycling of waste by

products. Grading of wool.

ANTHROPOLOGY

PAPER - I

1.1 Meaning, scope and development of

Anthropology.

1.2 Relationships with other disciplines:

Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,

Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sci-

ences and Humanities.

1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their

scope and relevance:

(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.

(b) Biological Anthropology.

(c) Archaeological Anthropology.

(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of

Man:

(a) Biological and Cultural factors in hu-

man evolution.

(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-

Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Dar-

winian).

(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief out-

line of terms and concepts of evolu-

tionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s

rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, con-

vergence, adaptive radiation, and

mosaic evolution).

1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolution-

ary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate

Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Pri-

mate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Ter-

tiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Liv-

ing Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy

of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to

erect posture and its implications.

1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and

geographical distribution of the following:

(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South

and East Africa - Australopithecines.

(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus),

Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-

gensis), Asia (Homo erectus

javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).

(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-

saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Pro-

gressive type).

(d) Rhodesian man.

(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon,

Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1.7 The biological basis of life: The Cell,

DNA structure and replication, Protein Syn-

thesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes,

and Cell Division.

1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeol-

ogy. Chronology: Relative and Absolute

Dating methods.

(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of

Prehistoric cultures:

(i) Paleolithic

(ii) Mesolithic

(iii) Neolithic

(iv) Chalcolithic

(v) Copper-Bronze Age

(vi) Iron Age

2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept

and characteristics of culture and civiliza-

tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Rela-

tivism.

2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Soci-

ety; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;

Social groups; and Social stratification.

2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality;

Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,

hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo);

Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy,

polyandry, group marriage). Functions of

marriage; Marriage regulations (preferen-

tial, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage

payments (bride wealth and dowry).

2.4 Family: Definition and universality;

Family, household and domestic groups;

functions of family; Types of family (from



the perspectives of structure, blood rela-

tion, marriage, residence and succession);

Impact of urbanization, industrialization

and feminist movements on family.

2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity;

Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,

Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of

descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moi-

ety and kindred); Kinship terminology (de-

scriptive and classificatory); Descent, Fili-

ation and Complimentary Filiation; De-

scent and Alliance.

3. Economic organization: Meaning,

scope and relevance of economic anthro-

pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate;

Principles governing production, distribu-

tion and exchange (reciprocity, redistribu-

tion and market), in communities, subsist-

ing on hunting and gathering, fishing,

swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and

agriculture; globalization and indigenous

economic systems.

4. Political organization and Social Con-

trol: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and

state; concepts of power, authority and le-

gitimacy; social control, law and justice in

simple societies.

5. Religion: Anthropological approaches

to the study of religion (evolutionary, psy-

chological and functional); monotheism

and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths

and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and

peasant societies (animism, animatism,

fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,

magic and science distinguished; magico-

religious functionaries (priest, shaman,

medicine man, sorcerer and witch).

6. Anthropological theories:

(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan

and Frazer)

(b) Historical particularism (Boas);

Diffusionism (British, German and

American)

(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Struc-

tural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)

(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E.

Leach)

(e) Culture and personality (Benedict,

Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du

Bois).

(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White,

Steward, Sahlins and Service)

(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)

(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories

(Turner, Schneider and Geertz)

(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)

(j) Post- modernism in anthropology

7. Culture, language and communication:

Nature, origin and characteristics of lan-

guage; verbal and non-verbal communi-

cation; social context of language use.

8. Research methods in anthropology:

(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology

(b) Distinction between technique,

method and methodology

(c) Tools of data collection: observation,

interview, schedules, questionnaire,

Case study, genealogy, life-history,

oral history, secondary sources of in-

formation, participatory methods.

(d) Analysis, interpretation and presenta-

tion of data.

9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Ap-

plication: Methods for study of genetic prin-

ciples in man-family study (pedigree analy-

sis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,

cytogenetic method, chromosomal and

karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,

immunological methods, D.N.A. technol-

ogy and recombinant technologies.

9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family

study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-

lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.

9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and

selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-

Weinberg law; causes and changes which

bring down frequency – mutation, isola-

tion, migration, selection, inbreeding and

genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-

consanguineous mating, genetic load, ge-