IAS 11

Accounting Standard (AS) 11

(revised 2003)

The Effects of Changes in  Foreign Exchange Rates

Contents

OBJECTIVE

SCOPE Paragraphs 1-6

DEFINITIONS 7

FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS 8-16

Initial Recognition 8-10

Reporting at Subsequent Balance Sheet Dates 11-12

Recognition of Exchange Differences 13-16

Net Investment in a Non-integral Foreign

Operation 15-16

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF FOREIGN

OPERATIONS 17-34

Classification of Foreign Operations 17-20

Integral Foreign Operations 21-23

Non-integral Foreign Operations 24-32

Disposal of a Non-integral Foreign Operation 31-32

Change in the Classification of a Foreign

Operation 33-34

ALL CHANGES IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

RATES 35

Tax Effects of Exchange Differences 35

Continued./..

157

FORWARD EXCHANGE CONTRACTS 36-39

DISCLOSURE 40-44

TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 45

APPENDIX

158 AS 11 (revised 2003)

Accounting Standard (AS) 11*

(revised 2003)

The Effects of Changes in

Foreign Exchange Rates

(This Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold italic type

and plain type, which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold italic

type indicate the main principles. This Accounting Standard should

be read in the context of its objective and the Preface to the Statements

of Accounting Standards1.)

Accounting Standard (AS) 11, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange

Rates (revised 2003), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered

Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods

commencing on or after 1-4-2004 and is mandatory in nature2 from that

date. The revised Standard supersedes Accounting Standard (AS) 11,

Accounting for the Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (1994),

except that in respect of accounting for transactions in foreign currencies

entered into by the reporting enterprise itself or through its branches before

the date this Standard comes into effect, AS 11 (1994) will continue to be

applicable.

The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard.

Objective

An enterprise may carry on activities involving foreign exchange in two

ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign

operations. In order to include foreign currency transactions and foreign

* Originally issued in 1989 and revised in 1994. The standard has been revised

again in 2003.

1 Attention is specifically drawn to paragraph 4.3 of the Preface, according to

which Accounting Standards are intended to apply only to items which are material.

2 Reference may be made to the section titled ‘Announcements of the Council

regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered

Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium for a detailed

discussion on the implications of the mandatory status of an accounting standard.

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 159

operations in the financial statements of an enterprise, transactions must be

expressed in the enterprise’s reporting currency and the financial statements

of foreign operations must be translated into the enterprise’s reporting

currency.

The principal issues in accounting for foreign currency transactions and

foreign operations are to decide which exchange rate to use and how to

recognise in the financial statements the financial effect of changes in

exchange rates.

Scope

1. This Statement should be applied:

(a) in accounting for transactions in foreign currencies; and

(b) in translating the financial statements of foreign operations.

2. This Statement also deals with accounting for foreign currency

transactions in the nature of forward exchange contracts.3

3 It may be noted that on the basis of a decision of the Council at its meeting held on

June 24-26, 2004, an Announcement titled ‘Applicability of Accounting Standard

(AS) 11 (revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in respect

of exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract entered into to hedge

the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction’

has been issued. The Announcement clarifies that AS 11 (revised 2003) does

not deal with the accounting of exchange difference arising on a forward exchange

contract entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a

highly probable forecast transaction. It has also been separately clarified that AS

11

(revised 2003) continues to be applicable to exchange differences on all other forward

exchange contracts. The Institute, in January 2006, issued an Announcement

on ‘Accounting for exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract

entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly

probable forecast transaction’ (published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’ January

2006 (pp.1090-1091)). As per the subsequent Announcements issued in this regard,

the said Announcement would be applicable in respect of accounting period(s)

commencing on or after April 1, 2007. [For full text of the Announcements issued in

this regard, reference may be made to the section titled ‘Announcements of the

Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered

Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.]

160 AS 11 (revised 2003)

3. This Statement does not specify the currency in which an enterprise

presents its financial statements. However, an enterprise normally uses the

currency of the country in which it is domiciled. If it uses a different

currency, this Statement requires disclosure of the reason for using that

currency. This Statement also requires disclosure of the reason for any

change in the reporting currency.

4. This Statement does not deal with the restatement of an enterprise’s

financial statements from its reporting currency into another currency for

the convenience of users accustomed to that currency or for similar purposes.

5. This Statement does not deal with the presentation in a cash flow

statement of cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency and

the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AS 3, Cash Flow

Statements).

6. This Statement does not deal with exchange differences arising from

foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an

adjustment to interest costs (see paragraph 4(e) of AS 16, Borrowing

Costs).

Definitions

7. The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings

specified:

Average rate is the mean of the exchange rates in force during a

period.

Closing rate is the exchange rate at the balance sheet date.

Exchange difference is the difference resulting from reporting the

same number of units of a foreign currency in the reporting currency

at different exchange rates.

Exchange rate is the ratio for exchange of two currencies.

Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a

liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s

length transaction.

Foreign currency is a currency other than the reporting currency of

an enterprise.

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 161

Foreign operation is a subsidiary4 , associate5 , joint venture6 or branch

of the reporting enterprise, the activities of which are based or

conducted in a country other than the country of the reporting

enterprise.

Forward exchange contract means an agreement to exchange

different currencies at a forward rate.

Forward rate is the specified exchange rate for exchange of two

currencies at a specified future date.

Integral foreign operation is a foreign operation, the activities of

which are an integral part of those of the reporting enterprise.

Monetary items are money held and assets and liabilities to be received

or paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money.

Net investment in a non-integral foreign operation is the reporting

enterprise’s share in the net assets of that operation.

Non-integral foreign operation is a foreign operation that is not an

integral foreign operation.

Non-monetary items are assets and liabilities other than monetary

items.

Reporting currency is the currency used in presenting the financial

statements.

Foreign Currency Transactions

Initial Recognition

8. A foreign currency transaction is a transaction which is denominated

in or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising

when an enterprise either:

4As defined in AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements.

5As defined in AS 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated

Financial Statements.

6As defined in AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures.

162 AS 11 (revised 2003)

(a) buys or sells goods or services whose price is denominated in a

foreign currency;

(b) borrows or lends funds when the amounts payable or receivable

are denominated in a foreign currency;

(c) becomes a party to an unperformed forward exchange contract;

or

(d) otherwise acquires or disposes of assets, or incurs or settles

liabilities, denominated in a foreign currency.

9. A foreign currency transaction should be recorded, on initial

recognition in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign

currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency

and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.

10. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the

date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a

week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency

occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate

significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.

Reporting at Subsequent Balance Sheet Dates

11. At each balance sheet date:

(a) foreign currency monetary items should be reported using

the closing rate. However, in certain circumstances, the

closing rate may not reflect with reasonable accuracy the

amount in reporting currency that is likely to be realised

from, or required to disburse, a foreign currency monetary

item at the balance sheet date, e.g., where there are

restrictions on remittances or where the closing rate is

unrealistic and it is not possible to effect an exchange of

currencies at that rate at the balance sheet date. In such

circumstances, the relevant monetary item should be reported

in the reporting currency at the amount which is likely to be

realised from, or required to disburse, such item at the

balance sheet date;

(b) non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 163

cost denominated in a foreign currency should be reported

using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and

(c) non-monetary items which are carried at fair value or other

similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency should

be reported using the exchange rates that existed when the

values were determined.

12. Cash, receivables, and payables are examples of monetary items.

Fixed assets, inventories, and investments in equity shares are examples of

non-monetary items. The carrying amount of an item is determined in

accordance with the relevant Accounting Standards. For example, certain

assets may be measured at fair value or other similar valuation (e.g., net

realisable value) or at historical cost. Whether the carrying amount is

determined based on fair value or other similar valuation or at historical

cost, the amounts so determined for foreign currency items are then

reported in the reporting currency in accordance with this Statement. The

contingent liability denominated in foreign currency at the balance sheet

date is disclosed by using the closing rate.

Recognition of Exchange Differences7

13. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items

7 It may be noted that the Institute has issued in 2003 an Announcement titled

‘Treatment of exchange differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11 (revised

2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates vis-a-vis Schedule VI to the

Companies Act, 1956’. As per the Announcement, the requirement with regard to

treatment of exchange differences contained in AS 11 (revised 2003), is different from

Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, since AS 11 (revised 2003) does not require

the adjustment of exchange differences in the carrying amount of the fixed assets, in

the situations envisaged in Schedule VI. It has been clarified that pending the

amendment, if any, to Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, in respect of the

matter, a company adopting the treatment described in Schedule VI will still be

considered to be complying with AS 11 (revised 2003) for the purposes of section 211

of the Act. Accordingly, the auditor of the company should not assert non-compliance

with AS 11 (2003) under section 227(3)(d) of the Act in such a case and should not

qualify his report in this regard on the true and fair view of the state of the company’s

affairs and profit or loss of the company under section 227(2) of the Act. (published

in ‘The Chartered Accountant’, November, 2003, pp. 497.) The full text of the

Announcement has been reproduced in the section titled ‘Announcements of

the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of

Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.

164 AS 11 (revised 2003)

or on reporting an enterprise’s monetary items at rates different from

those at which they were initially recorded during the period, or reported

in previous financial statements, should be recognised as income or as

expenses in the period in which they arise, with the exception of

exchange differences dealt with in accordance with paragraph 15.

14. An exchange difference results when there is a change in the exchange

rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement of anymonetary

items arising from a foreign currency transaction. When the transaction is

settled within the same accounting period as that in which it occurred, all

the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the

transaction is settled in a subsequent accounting period, the exchange

difference recognised in each intervening period up to the period of settlement

is determined by the change in exchange rates during that period.

Net Investment in a Non-integral Foreign Operation

15. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that, in

substance, forms part of an enterprise’s net investment in a nonintegral

foreign operation should be accumulated in a foreign currency

translation reserve in the enterprise’s financial statements until the

disposal of the net investment, at which time they should be recognised

as income or as expenses in accordance with paragraph 31.

16. An enterprise may have a monetary item that is receivable from, or

payable to, a non-integral foreign operation. An item for which settlement

is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in

substance, an extension to, or deduction from, the enterprise’s net investment

in that non-integral foreign operation. Such monetary items may include

long-term receivables or loans but do not include trade receivables or trade

payables.

Financial Statements of Foreign Operations

Classification of Foreign Operations

17. The method used to translate the financial statements of a foreign

operation depends on the way in which it is financed and operates in

relation to the reporting enterprise. For this purpose, foreign operations are

classified as either “integral foreign operations” or “non-integral foreign

operations”.

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 165

18. A foreign operation that is integral to the operations of the reporting

enterprise carries on its business as if it were an extension of the reporting

enterprise’s operations. For example, such a foreign operation might only

sell goods imported from the reporting enterprise and remit the proceeds to

the reporting enterprise. In such cases, a change in the exchange rate

between the reporting currency and the currency in the country of foreign

operation has an almost immediate effect on the reporting enterprise’s

cash flow from operations. Therefore, the change in the exchange rate

affects the individual monetary items held by the foreign operation rather

than the reporting enterprise’s net investment in that operation.

19. In contrast, a non-integral foreign operation accumulates cash and

other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and perhaps

arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency. It may also

enter into transactions in foreign currencies, including transactions in the

reporting currency. When there is a change in the exchange rate between

the reporting currency and the local currency, there is little or no direct

effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either the

non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. The change in

the exchange rate affects the reporting enterprise’s net investment in the

non-integral foreign operation rather than the individual monetary and nonmonetary

items held by the non-integral foreign operation.

20. The following are indications that a foreign operation is a non-integral

foreign operation rather than an integral foreign operation:

(a) while the reporting enterprise may control the foreign operation,

the activities of the foreign operation are carried out with a

significant degree of autonomy from those of the reporting

enterprise;

(b) transactions with the reporting enterprise are not a high

proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;

(c) the activities of the foreign operation are financed mainly from

its own operations or local borrowings rather than from the

reporting enterprise;

(d) costs of labour, material and other components of the foreign

operation’s products or services are primarily paid or settled in

the local currency rather than in the reporting currency;

166 AS 11 (revised 2003)

(e) the foreign operation’s sales are mainly in currencies other than

the reporting currency;

(f) cash flows of the reporting enterprise are insulated from the

day-to-day activities of the foreign operation rather than being

directly affected by the activities of the foreign operation;

(g) sales prices for the foreign operation’s products are not primarily

responsive on a short-term basis to changes in exchange rates

but are determined more by local competition or local government

regulation; and

(h) there is an active local sales market for the foreign operation’s

products, although there also might be significant amounts of

exports.

The appropriate classification for each operation can, in principle, be

established from factual information related to the indicators listed above.

In some cases, the classification of a foreign operation as either a nonintegral

foreign operation or an integral foreign operation of the reporting

enterprise may not be clear, and judgement is necessary to determine

the appropriate classification.

Integral Foreign Operations

21. The financial statements of an integral foreign operation should

be translated using the principles and procedures in paragraphs 8 to

16 as if the transactions of the foreign operation had been those of the

reporting enterprise itself.

22. The individual items in the financial statements of the foreign operation

are translated as if all its transactions had been entered into by the reporting

enterprise itself. The cost and depreciation of tangible fixed assets is

translated using the exchange rate at the date of purchase of the asset or,

if the asset is carried at fair value or other similar valuation, using the rate

that existed on the date of the valuation. The cost of inventories is translated

at the exchange rates that existed when those costs were incurred. The

recoverable amount or realisable value of an asset is translated using the

exchange rate that existed when the recoverable amount or net realisable

value was determined. For example, when the net realisable value of an

item of inventory is determined in a foreign currency, that value is translated

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 167

using the exchange rate at the date as at which the net realisable value is

determined. The rate used is therefore usually the closing rate. An adjustment

may be required to reduce the carrying amount of an asset in the financial

statements of the reporting enterprise to its recoverable amount or net

realisable value even when no such adjustment is necessary in the financial

statements of the foreign operation. Alternatively, an adjustment in the

financial statements of the foreign operation may need to be reversed in

the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.

23. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the

date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a

week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency

occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate

significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.

Non-integral Foreign Operations

24. In translating the financial statements of a non-integral foreign

operation for incorporation in its financial statements, the reporting

enterprise should use the following procedures:

(a) the assets and liabilities, both monetary and non-monetary,

of the non-integral foreign operation should be translated

at the closing rate;

(b) income and expense items of the non-integral foreign

operation should be translated at exchange rates at the

dates of the transactions; and

(c) all resulting exchange differences should be accumulated

in a foreign currency translation reserve until the disposal

of the net investment.

25. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual exchange

rates, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate

income and expense items of a foreign operation.

26. The translation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign

operation results in the recognition of exchange differences arising from:

(a) translating income and expense items at the exchange rates at

168 AS 11 (revised 2003)

the dates of transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing

rate;

(b) translating the opening net investment in the non-integral foreign

operation at an exchange rate different from that at which it

was previously reported; and

(c) other changes to equity in the non-integral foreign operation.

These exchange differences are not recognised as income or expenses for

the period because the changes in the exchange rates have little or no

direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either

the non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. When a nonintegral

foreign operation is consolidated but is not wholly owned,

accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable

to minority interests are allocated to, and reported as part of, the minority

interest in the consolidated balance sheet.

27. Any goodwill or capital reserve arising on the acquisition of a nonintegral

foreign operation is translated at the closing rate in accordance

with paragraph 24.

28. A contingent liability disclosed in the financial statements of a nonintegral

foreign operation is translated at the closing rate for its disclosure

in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.

29. The incorporation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign

operation in those of the reporting enterprise follows normal consolidation

procedures, such as the elimination of intra-group balances and intra-group

transactions of a subsidiary (see AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements,

and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures). However,

an exchange difference arising on an intra-group monetary item, whether

short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against a corresponding

amount arising on other intra-group balances because the monetary item

represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes

the reporting enterprise to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations.

Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting

enterprise, such an exchange difference continues to be recognised as

income or an expense or, if it arises from the circumstances described in

paragraph 15, it is accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve

until the disposal of the net investment.

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 169

30. When the financial statements of a non-integral foreign operation are

drawn up to a different reporting date from that of the reporting enterprise,

the non-integral foreign operation often prepares, for purposes of incorporation

in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise, statements as at the

same date as the reporting enterprise. When it is impracticable to do this,

AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements, allows the use of financial

statements drawn up to a different reporting date provided that the difference

is no greater than six months and adjustments are made for the effects of

any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different

reporting dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the non-integral

foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the balance sheet

date of the non-integral foreign operation and adjustments are made when

appropriate for significant movements in exchange rates up to the balance

sheet date of the reporting enterprises in accordance with AS 21. The

same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and in

applying proportionate consolidation to joint ventures in accordance with

AS 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial

Statements and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures.

Disposal of a Non-integral Foreign Operation

31. On the disposal of a non-integral foreign operation, the cumulative

amount of the exchange differences which have been deferred and

which relate to that operation should be recognised as income or as

expenses in the same period in which the gain or loss on disposal is

recognised.

32. An enterprise may dispose of its interest in a non-integral foreign

operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital, or

abandonment of all, or part of, that operation. The payment of a dividend

forms part of a disposal only when it constitutes a return of the investment.

In the case of a partial disposal, only the proportionate share of the related

accumulated exchange differences is included in the gain or loss. A writedown

of the carrying amount of a non-integral foreign operation does not

constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the deferred foreign

exchange gain or loss is recognised at the time of a write-down.

Change in the Classification of a Foreign Operation

33. When there is a change in the classification of a foreign operation,

170 AS 11 (revised 2003)

the translation procedures applicable to the revised classification

should be applied from the date of the change in the classification.

34. The consistency principle requires that foreign operation once classified

as integral or non-integral is continued to be so classified. However, a

change in the way in which a foreign operation is financed and operates in

relation to the reporting enterprise may lead to a change in the classification

of that foreign operation. When a foreign operation that is integral to the

operations of the reporting enterprise is reclassified as a non-integral foreign

operation, exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary

assets at the date of the reclassification are accumulated in a foreign

currency translation reserve. When a non-integral foreign operation is

reclassified as an integral foreign operation, the translated amounts for

non-monetary items at the date of the change are treated as the historical

cost for those items in the period of change and subsequent periods.

Exchange differences which have been deferred are not recognised as

income or expenses until the disposal of the operation.

All Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

Tax Effects of Exchange Differences

35. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and

exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements

of foreign operations may have associated tax effects which are

accounted for in accordance with AS 22, Accounting for Taxes on

Income.

Forward Exchange Contracts8

36. An enterprise may enter into a forward exchange contract or

another financial instrument that is in substance a forward exchange

contract, which is not intended for trading or speculation purposes, to

establish the amount of the reporting currency required or available

at the settlement date of a transaction. The premium or discount

arising at the inception of such a forward exchange contract should

be amortised as expense or income over the life of the contract.

Exchange differences on such a contract should be recognised in the

statement of profit and loss in the reporting period in which the

8 See footnote 3.

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 171

exchange rates change. Any profit or loss arising on cancellation or

renewal of such a forward exchange contract should be recognised

as income or as expense for the period.

37. The risks associated with changes in exchange rates may be mitigated

by entering into forward exchange contracts. Any premium or discount

arising at the inception of a forward exchange contract is accounted for

separately fromthe exchange differences on the forward exchange contract.

The premium or discount that arises on entering into the contract is measured

by the difference between the exchange rate at the date of the inception

of the forward exchange contract and the forward rate specified in the

contract. Exchange difference on a forward exchange contract is the

difference between (a) the foreign currency amount of the contract

translated at the exchange rate at the reporting date, or the settlement date

where the transaction is settled during the reporting period, and (b) the

same foreign currency amount translated at the latter of the date of

inception of the forward exchange contract and the last reporting date.

38. A gain or loss on a forward exchange contract to which

paragraph 36 does not apply should be computed by multiplying the

foreign currency amount of the forward exchange contract by the

difference between the forward rate available at the reporting date

for the remaining maturity of the contract and the contracted forward

rate (or the forward rate last used to measure a gain or loss on that

contract for an earlier period). The gain or loss so computed should

be recognised in the statement of profit and loss for the period. The

premium or discount on the forward exchange contract is not

recognised separately.

39. In recording a forward exchange contract intended for trading or

speculation purposes, the premium or discount on the contract is ignored

and at each balance sheet date, the value of the contract is marked to its

current market value and the gain or loss on the contract is recognised.

Disclosure

40. An enterprise should disclose:

(a) the amount of exchange differences included in the net

profit or loss for the period; and

172 AS 11 (revised 2003)

(b) net exchange differences accumulated in foreign currency

translation reserve as a separate component of shareholders’

funds, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange

differences at the beginning and end of the period.

41. When the reporting currency is different from the currency of

the country in which the enterprise is domiciled, the reason for using

a different currency should be disclosed. The reason for any change

in the reporting currency should also be disclosed.

42. When there is a change in the classification of a significant

foreign operation, an enterprise should disclose:

(a) the nature of the change in classification;

(b) the reason for the change;

(c) the impact of the change in classification on shareholders’

funds; and

(d) the impact on net profit or loss for each prior period

presented had the change in classification occurred at the

beginning of the earliest period presented.

43. The effect on foreign currency monetary items or on the financial

statements of a foreign operation of a change in exchange rates occurring

after the balance sheet date is disclosed in accordance with AS 4,

Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date.

44. Disclosure is also encouraged of an enterprise’s foreign currency

risk management policy.

Transitional Provisions

45. On the first time application of this Statement, if a foreign branch

is classified as a non-integral foreign operation in accordance with

the requirements of this Statement, the accounting treatment prescribed

in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the Statement in respect of change in the

classification of a foreign operation should be applied.

Appendix

Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 173

Note: This Appendix is not a part of the Accounting Standard. The

purpose of this appendix is only to bring out the major differences

between Accounting Standard 11 (revised 2003) and corresponding

International Accounting Standard (IAS) 21 (revised 1993).

Comparison with IAS 21, The Effects of Changes

in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised 1993)

Revised AS 11 (2003) differs from International Accounting Standard (IAS)

21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in the following

major respects in terms of scope, accounting treatment, and terminology.

1. Scope

Inclusion of forward exchange contracts

Revised AS 11 (2003) deals with forward exchange contracts both intended

for hedging and for trading or speculation. IAS 21 does not deal with hedge

accounting for foreign currency items other than the classification of

exchange differences arising on a foreign currency liability accounted for

as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity. It also does not deal with

forward exchange contracts for trading or speculation. The aforesaid

aspects are dealt with in IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and

Measurement. Although, an Indian accounting standard corresponding to

IAS 39 is under preparation, it has been decided to deal with accounting

for forward exchange contracts in the revised AS 11 (2003), since the

existingAS 11 deals with the same. Thus, accounting for forward exchange

contracts would not remain unaddressed untill the issuance of the Indian

accounting standard on financial instruments.

2. Accounting treatment

Recognition of exchange differences resulting from severe currency

devaluations

IAS 21, as a benchmark treatment, requires, in general, that exchange

differences on transactions be recognised as income or as expenses in the

174 AS 11 (revised 2003)

period in which they arise. IAS 21, however, also permits as an allowed

alternative treatment, that exchange differences that arise from a

severe devaluation or depreciation of a currency be included in the carrying

amount

of an asset, if certain conditions are satisfied. In line with the preference of

the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, to eliminate

alternatives, where possible, revised AS 11 (2003) adopts the benchmark

treatment as the only acceptable treatment.

3. Terminology

Foreign operation

The revised AS 11 (2003) uses the terms, integral foreign operation and

non-integral foreign operation respectively for the expressions “foreign

operations that are integral to the operations of the reporting enterprise”

and “foreign entity” used in IAS 21. The intention is to communicate the

meaning of these terms concisely. This change has no effect on the

requirements in revised AS 11 (2003). Revised AS 11 (2003) provides

additional implementation guidance by including two more indicators for the

classification of a foreign operation as a non-integral foreign operation.