THE RTI ACT 2005 QUESTION ANSWER ROUND TO ENHANCED THE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Quiz Question #1: Which of the following statements is factually correct? i) All countries having FoI / RTI have an explicit mention about FoI / RTI in their Constitutions. ii) There are some countries where there is FoI / RTI Law, but no explicit mention of FoI / RTI in the Constitution. iii) There are countries having FoI / RTI at the state / provincial / regional level in addition to the national level. iv) The national FoI / RTI laws of all countries have been enacted because the United Nations General Assembly has mandated them to do so.
Your Answer: C. ii) & iii)
Correct Answer: C. ii) & iii)
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: FoI / RTI finds a mention in:
Your Answer: D. All the above covenants.
Correct Answer: D. All the above covenants.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: FoI / RTI laws are also referred to as:
Your Answer: B. "open-government laws" and "sunshine laws"
Correct Answer: B. "open-government laws" and "sunshine laws"
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: Which organisation is known to have taken up the first grassroots initiative for people`s RTI?
Your Answer: C. Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan` (MKSS)
Correct Answer: C. Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan` (MKSS)
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: The second State to enact a law on RTI was
Your Answer: D. Goa
Correct Answer: D. Goa
Reason: Correct. Goa did so in 1997
Quiz Question #3: Which was the State in which local authorities started providing people access to certain information related to the `Public Distribution System` (PDS) even before the State Assembly introduced / passed an RTI Act?
Your Answer: B. Madhya Pradesh
Correct Answer: B. Madhya Pradesh
Reason: Correct. It happened in Madhya Pradesh in certain places like Bilaspur and Korba. This was before the State of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh in November 2000. The Madhya Pradesh Assembly passed the RTI Act in 2002.
Quiz Question #1: Information by applying under the `RTI Act, 2005` can be obtained by
Your Answer: B. any citizen of India.
Correct Answer: B. any citizen of India.
Reason: Correct. Section 3 of the `RTI Act, 2005` states that subject to the provisions of the Act, all citizens chall have the right to information
Quiz Question #2: How many chapters does the `RTI Act, 2005` have?
Your Answer: A. 6
Correct Answer: A. 6
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: Right to information is available under the `Right to Information Act, 2005`
Your Answer: D. to all Indian citizens.
Correct Answer: D. to all Indian citizens.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: Who is expected to and authorised to make Rules under the `RTI Act, 2005`?
Your Answer: D. Both a. & b.
Correct Answer: D. Both a. & b.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: Appropriate Government under the `RTI Act, 2005` could be: i) State Government. ii) Central Government. iii) Local Government. iv) Government of a country / countries with whom India has bilateral / multilateral pacts.
Your Answer: C. Either i) or ii).
Correct Answer: C. Either i) or ii).
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: The guidelines to be published and updated by an Appropriate Government should cover, among other things: i) Objects of the `RTI Act, 2005`. ii) manner and form of making a request to PIOs. iii) Assistance available form Central / State Information Commission.
Your Answer: A. All i), ii) & iii).
Correct Answer: A. All i), ii) & iii).
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: The `RTI Act, 2005` stipulates that a Public Authority should transfer an RTI application or a part thereof to another Public Authority if the application or a part of it pertains to information
Your Answer: C. Both a. and b.
Correct Answer: C. Both a. and b.
Reason: Correct. This has been stipulated by S. 6(3) of the `RTI Act, 2005`
Quiz Question #2: Under `RTI Act, 2005`, what was the deadline for all Public Authorities to, suo motu, publish information?
Your Answer: C. 12th October, 2005.
Correct Answer: C. 12th October, 2005.
Reason: Correct. Section 7(1) of the `RTI Act, 2005` states, among other things, that "… where information sought for concers the life and liberty of a person, the same shall be provided within forty-eight hours of the receipt of the request"
Quiz Question #3: The Act requires the designation within a `Public Authority` of
Your Answer: D. All the above
Correct Answer: D. All the above
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: An Information Commissioner can be removed from office on grounds of i) conviction in an offence involving moral turpitude. ii) acquiring a financial interest pejudicially affecting the functions as an Information Commissioner or engaging in a paid employment. iii) infirmity of body and / or mind. iv) being adjudged an insolvent.
Your Answer: A. All i), ii), iii) & iv)
Correct Answer: A. All i), ii), iii) & iv)
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: Like, the High Courts, there is a provision under the `RTI Act, 2005` to constitute one common State Information Commission for more than 1 State.
Your Answer: B. No. Every State Government should constitute an Information Commission for the State concerned.
Correct Answer: B. No. Every State Government should constitute an Information Commission for the State concerned.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: (Second) Appeals on information pertaining to a person`s life and liberty should be decided by Information Commissions within
Your Answer: D. No such time limit has been specified.
Correct Answer: D. No such time limit has been specified.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: Notice of the a PIO`s decision about disclosing or not disclosing third party information should be given to the third party
Your Answer: C. within 40 days of receipt of the application.
Correct Answer: C. within 40 days of receipt of the application.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: Which of the following are true?
Your Answer: D. All are true.
Correct Answer: D. All are true.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: "Deemed refusal" under the `RTI Act, 2005` is
Your Answer: A. A failure on a PIO`s part to provide information within the specified time limits.
Correct Answer: A. A failure on a PIO`s part to provide information within the specified time limits.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: The First Appellate Authority has the discretion to admit appeals preferred by a third party after 30 days
Your Answer: B. There is no such discretion available to the First Appellate Authority.
Correct Answer: B. There is no such discretion available to the First Appellate Authority.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: The First Appellate Authority
Your Answer: A. should be senior to all the Public Information Officers within the unit of a Public Authority concerned.
Correct Answer: A. should be senior to all the Public Information Officers within the unit of a Public Authority concerned.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: The First Appellate Authority should decide on first appeals i) within 30 days from the receipt of the first appeals. ii) in less number of days that the PIO concerned took to take a decision on the application. iii) within 45 days from the date of receipt of the appeal, if the reasons are recorded.
Your Answer: C. Only i) & iii).
Correct Answer: C. Only i) & iii).
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: While inquiring into a complaint, Information Commissions have the power to i) summon and enforce attendance of persons. ii) compel them to give evidence on oath and produce documents or things. iii) Require discovery and inspection of documents.
Your Answer: C. All i), ii) & iii).
Correct Answer: C. All i), ii) & iii).
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: While inquiring into a complaint, Information Commissions have the power to i) receive evidence on affidavit. ii) requisition record or copies thereof from any court or office. iii) issue summons for examination of witnesses or documents.
Your Answer: B. All i), ii) & iii).
Correct Answer: B. All i), ii) & iii).
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: Consider the following. A PIO: i) malafidely denies information. ii) obstructed furnishing information. iii) knowingly gave incorrect, incomplete or misleading information. For which of these actions can he / she be penalised by an Information Commission.
Your Answer: A. Any or all of these.
Correct Answer: A. Any or all of these.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: There are certain exemptions with respect to the information that can be provided under the `RTI Act, 2005`.
Your Answer: A. True.
Correct Answer: A. True.
Reason: Correct. Exemptions are in the form of certain types of information being exempted as stipulated by Ss. 8 and 9. As and where these exemptions are applicable, information can be entirely / partially rejected.
Quiz Question #2: PIO should disclose information exempted in S. 8(1) if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interests.
Your Answer: B. Yes.
Correct Answer: B. Yes.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: Whose decision shall be final regarding computation of the period of 20 years as the time period till which information is to be given?
Your Answer: C. Central Government.
Correct Answer: C. Central Government.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: The Second Schedule of the RTI Act, 2005 can be amended by
Your Answer: B. the Central Government.
Correct Answer: B. the Central Government.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: The Second Schedule of the RTI Act, 2005 has so far been amended
Your Answer: D. 3 times.
Correct Answer: D. 3 times.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: Consider the following statements about amending the Second Schedule. i) The Central Government can amend it. ii) It can amend it by notification in the Official Gazette. iii) It can include any other intelligence and security organisation. iv) It can omit any already existing organisation. iv) Every such notification shall be laid before each House of the Parliament. Which of these statements are true?
Your Answer: A. They are all true.
Correct Answer: A. They are all true.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #1: After the enactment of the `RTI Act, 2005`, what is the status of the `Freedom of Information Act, 2002`?
Your Answer: C. It has been repealed.
Correct Answer: C. It has been repealed.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #2: What is the time span mentioned in the `RTI Act, 2005` for making orders for removing difficulties in giving effect to the provisions of the `RTI Act, 2005`?
Your Answer: A. 2 years from the commencement of the Act.
Correct Answer: A. 2 years from the commencement of the Act.
Reason: Correct.
Quiz Question #3: Consider the following statements about "Bar on jurisdiction of courts" vis-avis the `RTI Act, 2005`. i) No court shall entertain any suit, application or other proceeding in respect of any order made under this Act. ii) No such order shall be called in question otherwise than by way of an appeal under this Act. Which of these statements is true?
Your Answer: D. Both i) & ii) are true.
Correct Answer: D. Both i) & ii) are true.
Reason: Correct.
the material and question answer is to aware the people with the basic concept on RTI ACT 2005
Saturday, August 28, 2010
Saturday, August 21, 2010
List of Nobel laureates
Economics
1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen
1970: Paul A. Samuelson
1971: Simon Kuznets
1972: John Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow
1973: Wassily Leontief
1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek
1975: Leonid Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976: Milton Friedman
1977: Bertil Ohlin / James Edward Meade
1978: Herbert A. Simon
1979: Theodore William Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis
1980: Lawrence R. Klein
1981: James Tobin
1982: George J. Stigler
1983: Gerard Debreu
1984: Richard Stone
1985: Franco Modigliani
1986: James McGill Buchanan, Jr.
1987: Robert M. Solow
1988: Maurice Allais
1989: Trygve Haavelmo
1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe
1991: Ronald H. Coase
1992: Gary S. Becker
1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North
1994: John C. Harsanyi / John Forbes Nash, Jr. / Reinhard Selten
1995: Robert Lucas, Jr.
1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey
1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes
1998: Amartya Sen
1999: Robert A. Mundell
2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden
2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith
2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W. J. Granger
2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott
2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling
2006: Edmund S. Phelps
2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson
1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen
1970: Paul A. Samuelson
1971: Simon Kuznets
1972: John Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow
1973: Wassily Leontief
1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek
1975: Leonid Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976: Milton Friedman
1977: Bertil Ohlin / James Edward Meade
1978: Herbert A. Simon
1979: Theodore William Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis
1980: Lawrence R. Klein
1981: James Tobin
1982: George J. Stigler
1983: Gerard Debreu
1984: Richard Stone
1985: Franco Modigliani
1986: James McGill Buchanan, Jr.
1987: Robert M. Solow
1988: Maurice Allais
1989: Trygve Haavelmo
1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe
1991: Ronald H. Coase
1992: Gary S. Becker
1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North
1994: John C. Harsanyi / John Forbes Nash, Jr. / Reinhard Selten
1995: Robert Lucas, Jr.
1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey
1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes
1998: Amartya Sen
1999: Robert A. Mundell
2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden
2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz
2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith
2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W. J. Granger
2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott
2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling
2006: Edmund S. Phelps
2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson
List of Nobel laureates
Peace
1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902: Élie Ducommun / Albert Gobat
1903: Randal Cremer
1904: Institute of International Law
1905: Bertha von Suttner
1906: Theodore Roosevelt
1907: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta / Louis Renault
1908: Klas Pontus Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909: Auguste Beernaert / Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
1910: Permanent International Peace Bureau
1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912: Elihu Root
1913: Henri La Fontaine
1914: no award
1915: no award
1916: no award
1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
1918: no award
1919: Woodrow Wilson
1920: Léon Bourgeois
1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922: Fridtjof Nansen
1923: no award
1924: no award
1925: Sir Austen Chamberlain / Charles G. Dawes
1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928: no award
1929: Frank B. Kellogg
1930: Nathan Söderblom
1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Murray Butler
1932: no award
1933: Sir Norman Angell
1934: Arthur Henderson
1935: Carl von Ossietzky
1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937: The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939: no award
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: no award
1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
1945: Cordell Hull
1946: Emily Greene Balch / John R. Mott
1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948: no award
1949: Lord Boyd Orr
1950: Ralph Bunche
1951: Léon Jouhaux
1952: Albert Schweitzer
1953: George C. Marshall
1954: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955: no award
1956: no award
1957: Lester Bowles Pearson
1958: Georges Pire
1959: Philip Noel-Baker
1960: Albert Lutuli
1961: Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumous)
1962: Linus Pauling
1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964: Martin Luther King, Jr.
1965: United Nations Children's Fund
1966: no award
1967: no award
1968: René Cassin
1969: International Labour Organization
1970: Norman Borlaug
1971: Willy Brandt
1972: no award
1973: Henry Kissinger / Le Duc Tho (refused)
1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Sato
1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977: Amnesty International
1978: Anwar al-Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979: Mother Teresa
1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983: Lech Wałęsa
1984: Desmond Tutu
1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986: Elie Wiesel
1987: Óscar Arias
1988: United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989: Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
1992: Rigoberta Menchú
1993: Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk
1994: Yasser Arafat / Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin
1995: Joseph Rotblat / Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1996: Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998: John Hume / David Trimble
1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002: Jimmy Carter
2003: Shirin Ebadi
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008: Martti Ahtisaari
1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902: Élie Ducommun / Albert Gobat
1903: Randal Cremer
1904: Institute of International Law
1905: Bertha von Suttner
1906: Theodore Roosevelt
1907: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta / Louis Renault
1908: Klas Pontus Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909: Auguste Beernaert / Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
1910: Permanent International Peace Bureau
1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912: Elihu Root
1913: Henri La Fontaine
1914: no award
1915: no award
1916: no award
1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
1918: no award
1919: Woodrow Wilson
1920: Léon Bourgeois
1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922: Fridtjof Nansen
1923: no award
1924: no award
1925: Sir Austen Chamberlain / Charles G. Dawes
1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928: no award
1929: Frank B. Kellogg
1930: Nathan Söderblom
1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Murray Butler
1932: no award
1933: Sir Norman Angell
1934: Arthur Henderson
1935: Carl von Ossietzky
1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937: The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939: no award
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: no award
1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
1945: Cordell Hull
1946: Emily Greene Balch / John R. Mott
1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948: no award
1949: Lord Boyd Orr
1950: Ralph Bunche
1951: Léon Jouhaux
1952: Albert Schweitzer
1953: George C. Marshall
1954: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955: no award
1956: no award
1957: Lester Bowles Pearson
1958: Georges Pire
1959: Philip Noel-Baker
1960: Albert Lutuli
1961: Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumous)
1962: Linus Pauling
1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964: Martin Luther King, Jr.
1965: United Nations Children's Fund
1966: no award
1967: no award
1968: René Cassin
1969: International Labour Organization
1970: Norman Borlaug
1971: Willy Brandt
1972: no award
1973: Henry Kissinger / Le Duc Tho (refused)
1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Sato
1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977: Amnesty International
1978: Anwar al-Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979: Mother Teresa
1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983: Lech Wałęsa
1984: Desmond Tutu
1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986: Elie Wiesel
1987: Óscar Arias
1988: United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989: Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
1992: Rigoberta Menchú
1993: Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk
1994: Yasser Arafat / Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin
1995: Joseph Rotblat / Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1996: Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998: John Hume / David Trimble
1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002: Jimmy Carter
2003: Shirin Ebadi
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008: Martti Ahtisaari
List of Nobel laureates
Physiology or medicine
1901: Emil von Behring
1902: Ronald Ross
1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen
1904: Ivan Pavlov
1905: Robert Koch
1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1907: Alphonse Laveran
1908: Ilya Mechnikov / Paul Ehrlich
1909: Theodor Kocher
1910: Albrecht Kossel
1911: Allvar Gullstrand
1912: Alexis Carrel
1913: Robert Bárány
1914: no award
1915: no award
1916: no award
1917: no award
1918: no award
1919: Jules Bordet
1920: August Krogh
1921: no award
1922: Archibald Vivian Hill / Otto Meyerhof
1923: Frederick G. Banting / John James Richard Macleod
1924: Willem Einthoven
1925: no award
1926: Johannes Fibiger
1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928: Charles Nicolle
1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Sir Frederick Hopkins
1930: Karl Landsteiner
1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg
1932: Sir Charles Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933: Thomas H. Morgan
1934: George H. Whipple / George R. Minot / William P. Murphy
1935: Hans Spemann
1936: Sir Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938: Corneille Heymans
1939: Gerhard Domagk
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: Henrik Dam / Edward A. Doisy
1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert S. Gasser
1945: Sir Alexander Fleming / Ernst B. Chain / Sir Howard Florey
1946: Hermann J. Muller
1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
1948: Paul Müller
1949: Walter Hess / Egas Moniz
1950: Edward C. Kendall / Tadeus Reichstein / Philip S. Hench
1951: Max Theiler
1952: Selman A. Waksman
1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954: John Franklin Enders / Thomas Huckle Weller / Frederick Chapman Robbins
1955: Hugo Theorell
1956: André F. Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957: Daniel Bovet
1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960: Frank Macfarlane Burnet / Peter Medawar
1961: Georg von Békésy
1962: Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963: Sir John Eccles / Alan L. Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966: Peyton Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan K. Hartline / George Wald
1968: Robert W. Holley / H. Gobind Khorana / Marshall W. Nirenberg
1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred D. Hershey / Salvador E. Luria
1970: Sir Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1972: Gerald M. Edelman / Rodney R. Porter
1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George E. Palade
1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard M. Temin
1976: Baruch S. Blumberg / D. Carleton Gajdusek
1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew V. Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
1979: Allan M. Cormack / Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George D. Snell
1981: Roger W. Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten N. Wiesel
1982: Sune K. Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John R. Vane
1983: Barbara McClintock
1984: Niels K. Jerne / Georges J.F. Köhler / César Milstein
1985: Michael S. Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987: Susumu Tonegawa
1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
1990: Joseph E. Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
1992: Edmond H. Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip A. Sharp
1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis J. Ignarro / Ferid Murad
1999: Günter Blobel
2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric R. Kandel
2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Sir Paul Nurse
2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
2003: Paul C. Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
2005: Barry J. Marshall / J. Robin Warren
2006: Andrew Z. Fire / Craig C. Mello
2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
2008: Harald zur Hausen / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi / Luc Montagnier
Literature
1901: Sully Prudhomme
1902: Theodor Mommsen
1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906: Giosuè Carducci
1907: Rudyard Kipling
1908: Rudolf Eucken
1909: Selma Lagerlöf
1910: Paul Heyse
1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
1913: Rabindranath Tagore
1914: no award
1915: Romain Rolland
1916: Verner von Heidenstam
1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
1918: no award
1919: Carl Spitteler
1920: Knut Hamsun
1921: Anatole France
1922: Jacinto Benavente
1923: William Butler Yeats
1924: Władysław Reymont
1925: George Bernard Shaw
1926: Grazia Deledda
1927: Henri Bergson
1928: Sigrid Undset
1929: Thomas Mann
1930: Sinclair Lewis
1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1932: John Galsworthy
1933: Ivan Bunin
1934: Luigi Pirandello
1935: no award
1936: Eugene O'Neill
1937: Roger Martin du Gard
1938: Pearl Buck
1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: no award
1944: Johannes V. Jensen
1945: Gabriela Mistral
1946: Hermann Hesse
1947: André Gide
1948: T. S. Eliot
1949: William Faulkner
1950: Bertrand Russell
1951: Pär Lagerkvist
1952: François Mauriac
1953: Winston Churchill
1954: Ernest Hemingway
1955: Halldór Laxness
1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957: Albert Camus
1958: Boris Pasternak
1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
1960: Saint-John Perse
1961: Ivo Andrić
1962: John Steinbeck
1963: Giorgos Seferis
1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (refused)[1]
1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
1966: Samuel Agnon / Nelly Sachs
1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
1968: Yasunari Kawabata
1969: Samuel Beckett
1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1971: Pablo Neruda
1972: Heinrich Böll
1973: Patrick White
1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
1975: Eugenio Montale
1976: Saul Bellow
1977: Vicente Aleixandre
1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979: Odysseus Elytis
1980: Czesław Miłosz
1981: Elias Canetti
1982: Gabriel García Márquez
1983: William Golding
1984: Jaroslav Seifert
1985: Claude Simon
1986: Wole Soyinka
1987: Joseph Brodsky
1988: Naguib Mahfouz
1989: Camilo José Cela
1990: Octavio Paz
1991: Nadine Gordimer
1992: Derek Walcott
1993: Toni Morrison
1994: Kenzaburo Oe
1995: Seamus Heaney
1996: Wisława Szymborska
1997: Dario Fo
1998: José Saramago
1999: Günter Grass
2000: Gao Xingjian
2001: V. S. Naipaul
2002: Imre Kertész
2003: J. M. Coetzee
2004: Elfriede Jelinek
2005: Harold Pinter
2006: Orhan Pamuk
2007: Doris Lessing
2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
1901: Emil von Behring
1902: Ronald Ross
1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen
1904: Ivan Pavlov
1905: Robert Koch
1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1907: Alphonse Laveran
1908: Ilya Mechnikov / Paul Ehrlich
1909: Theodor Kocher
1910: Albrecht Kossel
1911: Allvar Gullstrand
1912: Alexis Carrel
1913: Robert Bárány
1914: no award
1915: no award
1916: no award
1917: no award
1918: no award
1919: Jules Bordet
1920: August Krogh
1921: no award
1922: Archibald Vivian Hill / Otto Meyerhof
1923: Frederick G. Banting / John James Richard Macleod
1924: Willem Einthoven
1925: no award
1926: Johannes Fibiger
1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928: Charles Nicolle
1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Sir Frederick Hopkins
1930: Karl Landsteiner
1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg
1932: Sir Charles Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933: Thomas H. Morgan
1934: George H. Whipple / George R. Minot / William P. Murphy
1935: Hans Spemann
1936: Sir Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938: Corneille Heymans
1939: Gerhard Domagk
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: Henrik Dam / Edward A. Doisy
1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert S. Gasser
1945: Sir Alexander Fleming / Ernst B. Chain / Sir Howard Florey
1946: Hermann J. Muller
1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
1948: Paul Müller
1949: Walter Hess / Egas Moniz
1950: Edward C. Kendall / Tadeus Reichstein / Philip S. Hench
1951: Max Theiler
1952: Selman A. Waksman
1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954: John Franklin Enders / Thomas Huckle Weller / Frederick Chapman Robbins
1955: Hugo Theorell
1956: André F. Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957: Daniel Bovet
1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960: Frank Macfarlane Burnet / Peter Medawar
1961: Georg von Békésy
1962: Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963: Sir John Eccles / Alan L. Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966: Peyton Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan K. Hartline / George Wald
1968: Robert W. Holley / H. Gobind Khorana / Marshall W. Nirenberg
1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred D. Hershey / Salvador E. Luria
1970: Sir Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1972: Gerald M. Edelman / Rodney R. Porter
1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George E. Palade
1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard M. Temin
1976: Baruch S. Blumberg / D. Carleton Gajdusek
1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew V. Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
1979: Allan M. Cormack / Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George D. Snell
1981: Roger W. Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten N. Wiesel
1982: Sune K. Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John R. Vane
1983: Barbara McClintock
1984: Niels K. Jerne / Georges J.F. Köhler / César Milstein
1985: Michael S. Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987: Susumu Tonegawa
1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
1990: Joseph E. Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
1992: Edmond H. Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip A. Sharp
1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis J. Ignarro / Ferid Murad
1999: Günter Blobel
2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric R. Kandel
2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Sir Paul Nurse
2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
2003: Paul C. Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
2005: Barry J. Marshall / J. Robin Warren
2006: Andrew Z. Fire / Craig C. Mello
2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
2008: Harald zur Hausen / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi / Luc Montagnier
Literature
1901: Sully Prudhomme
1902: Theodor Mommsen
1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906: Giosuè Carducci
1907: Rudyard Kipling
1908: Rudolf Eucken
1909: Selma Lagerlöf
1910: Paul Heyse
1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
1913: Rabindranath Tagore
1914: no award
1915: Romain Rolland
1916: Verner von Heidenstam
1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
1918: no award
1919: Carl Spitteler
1920: Knut Hamsun
1921: Anatole France
1922: Jacinto Benavente
1923: William Butler Yeats
1924: Władysław Reymont
1925: George Bernard Shaw
1926: Grazia Deledda
1927: Henri Bergson
1928: Sigrid Undset
1929: Thomas Mann
1930: Sinclair Lewis
1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1932: John Galsworthy
1933: Ivan Bunin
1934: Luigi Pirandello
1935: no award
1936: Eugene O'Neill
1937: Roger Martin du Gard
1938: Pearl Buck
1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: no award
1944: Johannes V. Jensen
1945: Gabriela Mistral
1946: Hermann Hesse
1947: André Gide
1948: T. S. Eliot
1949: William Faulkner
1950: Bertrand Russell
1951: Pär Lagerkvist
1952: François Mauriac
1953: Winston Churchill
1954: Ernest Hemingway
1955: Halldór Laxness
1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957: Albert Camus
1958: Boris Pasternak
1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
1960: Saint-John Perse
1961: Ivo Andrić
1962: John Steinbeck
1963: Giorgos Seferis
1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (refused)[1]
1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
1966: Samuel Agnon / Nelly Sachs
1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
1968: Yasunari Kawabata
1969: Samuel Beckett
1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1971: Pablo Neruda
1972: Heinrich Böll
1973: Patrick White
1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
1975: Eugenio Montale
1976: Saul Bellow
1977: Vicente Aleixandre
1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979: Odysseus Elytis
1980: Czesław Miłosz
1981: Elias Canetti
1982: Gabriel García Márquez
1983: William Golding
1984: Jaroslav Seifert
1985: Claude Simon
1986: Wole Soyinka
1987: Joseph Brodsky
1988: Naguib Mahfouz
1989: Camilo José Cela
1990: Octavio Paz
1991: Nadine Gordimer
1992: Derek Walcott
1993: Toni Morrison
1994: Kenzaburo Oe
1995: Seamus Heaney
1996: Wisława Szymborska
1997: Dario Fo
1998: José Saramago
1999: Günter Grass
2000: Gao Xingjian
2001: V. S. Naipaul
2002: Imre Kertész
2003: J. M. Coetzee
2004: Elfriede Jelinek
2005: Harold Pinter
2006: Orhan Pamuk
2007: Doris Lessing
2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
Chemistry
1901: Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
1902: Emil Fischer
1903: Svante Arrhenius
1904: Sir William Ramsay
1905: Adolf von Baeyer
1906: Henri Moissan
1907: Eduard Buchner
1908: Ernest Rutherford
1909: Wilhelm Ostwald
1910: Otto Wallach
1911: Maria Skłodowska-Curie
1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier
1913: Alfred Werner
1914: Theodore William Richards
1915: Richard Willstätter
1916: no award
1917: no award
1918: Fritz Haber
1919: no award
1920: Walther Nernst
1921: Frederick Soddy
1922: Francis W. Aston
1923: Fritz Pregl
1924: no award
1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926: The Svedberg
1927: Heinrich Wieland
1928: Adolf Windaus
1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1930: Hans Fischer
1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
1932: Irving Langmuir
1933: no award
1934: Harold C. Urey
1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie
1936: Peter Debye
1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
1938: Richard Kuhn
1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ruzicka
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: George de Hevesy
1944: Otto Hahn
1945: Artturi Virtanen
1946: James B. Sumner / John H. Northrop / Wendell M. Stanley
1947: Sir Robert Robinson
1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
1949: William F. Giauque
1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951: Edwin M. McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg
1952: Archer J.P. Martin / Richard L.M. Synge
1953: Hermann Staudinger
1954: Linus Pauling
1955: Vincent du Vigneaud
1956: Sir Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semenov
1957: Lord Todd
1958: Frederick Sanger
1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský
1960: Willard F. Libby
1961: Melvin Calvin
1962: Max F. Perutz / John C. Kendrew
1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1965: Robert Burns Woodward
1966: Robert S. Mulliken
1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald G.W. Norrish / George Porter
1968: Lars Onsager
1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel
1970: Luis Leloir
1971: Gerhard Herzberg
1972: Christian Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein
1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974: Paul J. Flory
1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976: William Lipscomb
1977: Ilya Prigogine
1978: Peter Mitchell
1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
1982: Aaron Klug
1983: Henry Taube
1984: Bruce Merrifield
1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi
1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech
1990: Elias James Corey
1991: Richard R. Ernst
1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith
1994: George A. Olah
1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
1996: Robert F. Curl, Jr. / Sir Harold Kroto / Richard E. Smalley
1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou
1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople
1999: Ahmed Zewail
2000: Alan Heeger / Alan G. MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001: William S. Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich
2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
2005: Robert Grubbs / Richard Schrock / Yves Chauvin
2006: Roger D. Kornberg
2007: Gerhard Ertl
2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien
1901: Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
1902: Emil Fischer
1903: Svante Arrhenius
1904: Sir William Ramsay
1905: Adolf von Baeyer
1906: Henri Moissan
1907: Eduard Buchner
1908: Ernest Rutherford
1909: Wilhelm Ostwald
1910: Otto Wallach
1911: Maria Skłodowska-Curie
1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier
1913: Alfred Werner
1914: Theodore William Richards
1915: Richard Willstätter
1916: no award
1917: no award
1918: Fritz Haber
1919: no award
1920: Walther Nernst
1921: Frederick Soddy
1922: Francis W. Aston
1923: Fritz Pregl
1924: no award
1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926: The Svedberg
1927: Heinrich Wieland
1928: Adolf Windaus
1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1930: Hans Fischer
1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
1932: Irving Langmuir
1933: no award
1934: Harold C. Urey
1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie
1936: Peter Debye
1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
1938: Richard Kuhn
1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ruzicka
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: George de Hevesy
1944: Otto Hahn
1945: Artturi Virtanen
1946: James B. Sumner / John H. Northrop / Wendell M. Stanley
1947: Sir Robert Robinson
1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
1949: William F. Giauque
1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951: Edwin M. McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg
1952: Archer J.P. Martin / Richard L.M. Synge
1953: Hermann Staudinger
1954: Linus Pauling
1955: Vincent du Vigneaud
1956: Sir Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semenov
1957: Lord Todd
1958: Frederick Sanger
1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský
1960: Willard F. Libby
1961: Melvin Calvin
1962: Max F. Perutz / John C. Kendrew
1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
1965: Robert Burns Woodward
1966: Robert S. Mulliken
1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald G.W. Norrish / George Porter
1968: Lars Onsager
1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel
1970: Luis Leloir
1971: Gerhard Herzberg
1972: Christian Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein
1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974: Paul J. Flory
1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976: William Lipscomb
1977: Ilya Prigogine
1978: Peter Mitchell
1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
1982: Aaron Klug
1983: Henry Taube
1984: Bruce Merrifield
1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi
1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech
1990: Elias James Corey
1991: Richard R. Ernst
1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith
1994: George A. Olah
1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
1996: Robert F. Curl, Jr. / Sir Harold Kroto / Richard E. Smalley
1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou
1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople
1999: Ahmed Zewail
2000: Alan Heeger / Alan G. MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001: William S. Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich
2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
2005: Robert Grubbs / Richard Schrock / Yves Chauvin
2006: Roger D. Kornberg
2007: Gerhard Ertl
2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien
Friday, August 20, 2010
List of Nobel laureates FOR PHYSICS
THE NOBEL LAUREATES ARE ALWAYS A MATTER OF CONCERN AND DISCUSSION AMONG EDUCATED PEOPLE. I AM TAKING THE OPPORTUNITY AND PUBLISHING THE NAMES OF LAUREATES FROM THE VERY THRESHOLD
Physics
1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1902: Hendrik A. Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman
1903: Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Maria Sklodowska-Curie
1904: Lord Rayleigh
1905: Philipp Lenard
1906: J.J. Thomson
1907: Albert A. Michelson
1908: Gabriel Lippmann
1909: Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1911: Wilhelm Wien
1912: Gustaf Dalén
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1914: Max von Laue
1915: William Henry Bragg / William Lawrence Bragg
1916: no award
1917: Charles Glover Barkla
1918: Max Planck
1919: Johannes Stark
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume
1921: Albert Einstein
1922: Niels Bohr
1923: Robert A. Millikan
1924: Manne Siegbahn
1925: James Franck / Gustav Hertz
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin
1927: Arthur H. Compton / C.T.R. Wilson
1928: Owen Willans Richardson
1929: Louis de Broglie
1930: Venkata Raman
1931: no award
1932: Werner Heisenberg
1933: Erwin Schrödinger / Paul A.M. Dirac
1934: no award
1935: James Chadwick
1936: Victor F. Hess / Carl D. Anderson
1937: Clinton Davisson / George Paget Thomson
1938: Enrico Fermi
1939: Ernest Lawrence
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: Otto Stern
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi
1945: Wolfgang Pauli
1946: Percy W. Bridgman
1947: Edward V. Appleton
1948: Patrick M.S. Blackett
1949: Hideki Yukawa
1950: Cecil Powell
1951: John Cockcroft / Ernest T.S. Walton
1952: Felix Bloch / E. M. Purcell
1953: Frits Zernike
1954: Max Born / Walther Bothe
1955: Willis E. Lamb / Polykarp Kusch
1956: William B. Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter H. Brattain
1957: Chen Ning Yang / Tsung-Dao Lee
1958: Pavel A. Cherenkov / Il´ja M. Frank / Igor Y. Tamm
1959: Emilio Segrè / Owen Chamberlain
1960: Donald A. Glaser
1961: Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer
1962: Lev Landau
1963: Eugene Wigner / Maria Goeppert-Mayer / J. Hans D. Jensen
1964: Charles H. Townes / Nicolay G. Basov / Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard P. Feynman
1966: Alfred Kastler
1967: Hans Bethe
1968: Luis Alvarez
1969: Murray Gell-Mann
1970: Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel
1971: Dennis Gabor
1972: John Bardeen / Leon Neil Cooper / Robert Schrieffer
1973: Leo Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian D. Josephson
1974: Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish
1975: Aage N. Bohr / Ben R. Mottelson / James Rainwater
1976: Burton Richter / Samuel C.C. Ting
1977: Philip W. Anderson / Sir Nevill F. Mott / John H. van Vleck
1978: Pyotr Kapitsa / Arno Penzias / Robert Woodrow Wilson
1979: Sheldon Glashow / Abdus Salam / Steven Weinberg
1980: James Cronin / Val Fitch
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur L. Schawlow / Kai M. Siegbahn
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar / William A. Fowler
1984: Carlo Rubbia / Simon van der Meer
1985: Klaus von Klitzing
1986: Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer
1987: J. Georg Bednorz / K. Alex Müller
1988: Leon M. Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger
1989: Norman F. Ramsey / Hans G. Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul
1990: Jerome I. Friedman / Henry W. Kendall / Richard E. Taylor
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1992: Georges Charpak
1993: Russell A. Hulse / Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse / Clifford G. Shull
1995: Martin L. Perl / Frederick Reines
1996: David M. Lee / Douglas D. Osheroff / Robert Coleman Richardson
1997: Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William D. Phillips
1998: Robert B. Laughlin / Horst L. Störmer / Daniel C. Tsui
1999: Gerardus 't Hooft / Martinus J.G. Veltman
2000: Zhores I. Alferov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack S. Kilby
2001: Eric A. Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl E. Wieman
2002: Raymond Davis, Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba / Riccardo Giacconi
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov / Vitaly L. Ginzburg / Anthony J. Leggett
2004: David J. Gross / H. David Politzer / Frank Wilczek
2005: Roy J. Glauber / John L. Hall / Theodor W. Hänsch
2006: John C. Mather / George F. Smoot
2007: Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg
2008: Yoichiro Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Toshihide Maskawa
Physics
1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1902: Hendrik A. Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman
1903: Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Maria Sklodowska-Curie
1904: Lord Rayleigh
1905: Philipp Lenard
1906: J.J. Thomson
1907: Albert A. Michelson
1908: Gabriel Lippmann
1909: Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1911: Wilhelm Wien
1912: Gustaf Dalén
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1914: Max von Laue
1915: William Henry Bragg / William Lawrence Bragg
1916: no award
1917: Charles Glover Barkla
1918: Max Planck
1919: Johannes Stark
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume
1921: Albert Einstein
1922: Niels Bohr
1923: Robert A. Millikan
1924: Manne Siegbahn
1925: James Franck / Gustav Hertz
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin
1927: Arthur H. Compton / C.T.R. Wilson
1928: Owen Willans Richardson
1929: Louis de Broglie
1930: Venkata Raman
1931: no award
1932: Werner Heisenberg
1933: Erwin Schrödinger / Paul A.M. Dirac
1934: no award
1935: James Chadwick
1936: Victor F. Hess / Carl D. Anderson
1937: Clinton Davisson / George Paget Thomson
1938: Enrico Fermi
1939: Ernest Lawrence
1940: no award
1941: no award
1942: no award
1943: Otto Stern
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi
1945: Wolfgang Pauli
1946: Percy W. Bridgman
1947: Edward V. Appleton
1948: Patrick M.S. Blackett
1949: Hideki Yukawa
1950: Cecil Powell
1951: John Cockcroft / Ernest T.S. Walton
1952: Felix Bloch / E. M. Purcell
1953: Frits Zernike
1954: Max Born / Walther Bothe
1955: Willis E. Lamb / Polykarp Kusch
1956: William B. Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter H. Brattain
1957: Chen Ning Yang / Tsung-Dao Lee
1958: Pavel A. Cherenkov / Il´ja M. Frank / Igor Y. Tamm
1959: Emilio Segrè / Owen Chamberlain
1960: Donald A. Glaser
1961: Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer
1962: Lev Landau
1963: Eugene Wigner / Maria Goeppert-Mayer / J. Hans D. Jensen
1964: Charles H. Townes / Nicolay G. Basov / Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard P. Feynman
1966: Alfred Kastler
1967: Hans Bethe
1968: Luis Alvarez
1969: Murray Gell-Mann
1970: Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel
1971: Dennis Gabor
1972: John Bardeen / Leon Neil Cooper / Robert Schrieffer
1973: Leo Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian D. Josephson
1974: Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish
1975: Aage N. Bohr / Ben R. Mottelson / James Rainwater
1976: Burton Richter / Samuel C.C. Ting
1977: Philip W. Anderson / Sir Nevill F. Mott / John H. van Vleck
1978: Pyotr Kapitsa / Arno Penzias / Robert Woodrow Wilson
1979: Sheldon Glashow / Abdus Salam / Steven Weinberg
1980: James Cronin / Val Fitch
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur L. Schawlow / Kai M. Siegbahn
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar / William A. Fowler
1984: Carlo Rubbia / Simon van der Meer
1985: Klaus von Klitzing
1986: Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer
1987: J. Georg Bednorz / K. Alex Müller
1988: Leon M. Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger
1989: Norman F. Ramsey / Hans G. Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul
1990: Jerome I. Friedman / Henry W. Kendall / Richard E. Taylor
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1992: Georges Charpak
1993: Russell A. Hulse / Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse / Clifford G. Shull
1995: Martin L. Perl / Frederick Reines
1996: David M. Lee / Douglas D. Osheroff / Robert Coleman Richardson
1997: Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William D. Phillips
1998: Robert B. Laughlin / Horst L. Störmer / Daniel C. Tsui
1999: Gerardus 't Hooft / Martinus J.G. Veltman
2000: Zhores I. Alferov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack S. Kilby
2001: Eric A. Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl E. Wieman
2002: Raymond Davis, Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba / Riccardo Giacconi
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov / Vitaly L. Ginzburg / Anthony J. Leggett
2004: David J. Gross / H. David Politzer / Frank Wilczek
2005: Roy J. Glauber / John L. Hall / Theodor W. Hänsch
2006: John C. Mather / George F. Smoot
2007: Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg
2008: Yoichiro Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Toshihide Maskawa
Thursday, August 19, 2010
FAQs- Frequently Asked Questions ON CERTIFICATE COURSE ON RTI Act'2005
FAQs- Frequently Asked Questions
1. How do I login?
Response: Type the URL: http://rtiocc.cgg.gov.in (OR) Click on the link RTIOCC. You will go to the Home page of the application. Click on the link “Click here to login”. Then, enter your userid and password.
2. Where is my userid and password?
Response: The Administrator sends the userid and password through email to the registered users as per the mail id logged in by them on first-come-first-served basis.
3. When I login, I am unable to view the Course?
Response: There are two requirements that are mandated to access the course. 1) You must have Internet Explorer (IE) 7.0 or higher version OR Mozilla Firefox 2.0 OR Google chrome and 2) FOXIT OR Adobe Acrobat PDF reader to view the contents in the course. Check with your system administrator if your system has these two. In case your system does not have both or any of the two, you may download the same from the internet for free. The RTIOCC website also gives you a link to download FOXIT PDF reader, if you do not have the same.
4. How do I see the Modules?
Response: When you login into the system, Select Take Course in the Menu Course to view the modules.
5. What is the duration of the course?
Response: The total duration of the course is 15 days with 2 slots of 12 days of course work and 3 days of examination. A candidate may / could complete the course work (i.e,. study of modules) at her / his convenience at a single point of time. It is estimated that each chapter and its respective quiz can be completed in one hour.
6. Why cannot I see the next modules?
Response: You should have the required system requirements to view the modules as mentioned in FAQ3. Also, one has to score 2/3 in two chapters and at least 3/3 in one chapter of a module to move ahead to the next module. For instance, if you are in module 1, there are three chapters in this module. You will have to score 3/3 in the quiz in any one of the chapters and at least 2/3 in the other two to move ahead.
7. How do I register for the next batch?
Response: The first call for registrations have been closed. The first batch of 60 candidates (selected by DoPT) commenced from 07.09.2009. The user ID and passwords are issued for those who have been selected on the basis of their registration at the first call on a first come first serve basis.
We have received an overwhelming response at the time of first announcement for registration to this course. Hence, for some time we will accommodate, all those who have already registered.
A second call would be announced on this very site and on the website of CGG and the RTI Net site as soon as the first registered are completed. When fresh registrations begin, they will be announced in the same manner as the registration for the first batch was announced. One can register for this course then.
Details about the course as they apply for subsequent batches will be announced along with the announcement for fresh registrations.
8. How do I see the Discussion Forum?
Response: When you login into the system to take the course, a window on the right side has the Discussion Forum written above a window in red colour. Your comments may be sent through a window below it, by typing your query and submitting it as send. Your query will then appear in the Discussion Forum and be answered by either the fellow batch-mates, if they are in know of the issues or by a team of Moderators. A day-wise archive of the discussions can also be viewed when you click on the day-wise links.
9. What is the examination pattern?
Response: Every candidate who qualifies to take the examination, (after having answered the necessary number of quiz questions correctly at the end of each chapter / module as per FAQ 6) will be given two `case narrations` - during the examination. Each `case narration` will have two questions. In all, thus, there will be 4 questions – which are of descriptive nature - which should - each - be answered in not more than 150 words. Each question will have 25 marks totaling the marks for the examination to 100. A candidate will have to score 50% marks to qualify the examination and to get an e-Certificate. Based upon a candidate's performance, above 50%, he / she would be placed in Grades of A / B / C.
10. How do I know the answers to the quiz questions that I have answered wrong?
Response: After you login, go to the Reports menu and click on the “Quiz answers” to see the correct answers.
11. Do I get a placement in Government after taking the course?
Response: The online course is meant to build awareness on the Right to Information Act and is in no way guaranteeing any employment to any candidate in Government or elsewhere.
1. How do I login?
Response: Type the URL: http://rtiocc.cgg.gov.in (OR) Click on the link RTIOCC. You will go to the Home page of the application. Click on the link “Click here to login”. Then, enter your userid and password.
2. Where is my userid and password?
Response: The Administrator sends the userid and password through email to the registered users as per the mail id logged in by them on first-come-first-served basis.
3. When I login, I am unable to view the Course?
Response: There are two requirements that are mandated to access the course. 1) You must have Internet Explorer (IE) 7.0 or higher version OR Mozilla Firefox 2.0 OR Google chrome and 2) FOXIT OR Adobe Acrobat PDF reader to view the contents in the course. Check with your system administrator if your system has these two. In case your system does not have both or any of the two, you may download the same from the internet for free. The RTIOCC website also gives you a link to download FOXIT PDF reader, if you do not have the same.
4. How do I see the Modules?
Response: When you login into the system, Select Take Course in the Menu Course to view the modules.
5. What is the duration of the course?
Response: The total duration of the course is 15 days with 2 slots of 12 days of course work and 3 days of examination. A candidate may / could complete the course work (i.e,. study of modules) at her / his convenience at a single point of time. It is estimated that each chapter and its respective quiz can be completed in one hour.
6. Why cannot I see the next modules?
Response: You should have the required system requirements to view the modules as mentioned in FAQ3. Also, one has to score 2/3 in two chapters and at least 3/3 in one chapter of a module to move ahead to the next module. For instance, if you are in module 1, there are three chapters in this module. You will have to score 3/3 in the quiz in any one of the chapters and at least 2/3 in the other two to move ahead.
7. How do I register for the next batch?
Response: The first call for registrations have been closed. The first batch of 60 candidates (selected by DoPT) commenced from 07.09.2009. The user ID and passwords are issued for those who have been selected on the basis of their registration at the first call on a first come first serve basis.
We have received an overwhelming response at the time of first announcement for registration to this course. Hence, for some time we will accommodate, all those who have already registered.
A second call would be announced on this very site and on the website of CGG and the RTI Net site as soon as the first registered are completed. When fresh registrations begin, they will be announced in the same manner as the registration for the first batch was announced. One can register for this course then.
Details about the course as they apply for subsequent batches will be announced along with the announcement for fresh registrations.
8. How do I see the Discussion Forum?
Response: When you login into the system to take the course, a window on the right side has the Discussion Forum written above a window in red colour. Your comments may be sent through a window below it, by typing your query and submitting it as send. Your query will then appear in the Discussion Forum and be answered by either the fellow batch-mates, if they are in know of the issues or by a team of Moderators. A day-wise archive of the discussions can also be viewed when you click on the day-wise links.
9. What is the examination pattern?
Response: Every candidate who qualifies to take the examination, (after having answered the necessary number of quiz questions correctly at the end of each chapter / module as per FAQ 6) will be given two `case narrations` - during the examination. Each `case narration` will have two questions. In all, thus, there will be 4 questions – which are of descriptive nature - which should - each - be answered in not more than 150 words. Each question will have 25 marks totaling the marks for the examination to 100. A candidate will have to score 50% marks to qualify the examination and to get an e-Certificate. Based upon a candidate's performance, above 50%, he / she would be placed in Grades of A / B / C.
10. How do I know the answers to the quiz questions that I have answered wrong?
Response: After you login, go to the Reports menu and click on the “Quiz answers” to see the correct answers.
11. Do I get a placement in Government after taking the course?
Response: The online course is meant to build awareness on the Right to Information Act and is in no way guaranteeing any employment to any candidate in Government or elsewhere.
RTI Act 2005 CASE STUDY-1
A list of PIOs/APIOs and Appellate Authorities for all Central and State departments/Ministries is available online at www.rti.gov.in.So if Ms.Prasanna go to the official web site of KOTTAYAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION she will definetly come to know about the person with whom she can register her complaint under the RTI Act 2005.
In case Ms. Prasanna having problems locating her PIO/APIO she can address her RTI application to the PIO C/o Head of Department and send it to the concerned public authority with the requisite application fee. The Head of Department will have to forward her application to the concerned PIO.
In case Ms. Prasanna having problems locating her PIO/APIO she can address her RTI application to the PIO C/o Head of Department and send it to the concerned public authority with the requisite application fee. The Head of Department will have to forward her application to the concerned PIO.
Saturday, August 14, 2010
CORRUPTION in CWG2010 OC
Praveer YS Raaj on CWG 2010: Its not only Mr. Suresh Kalamadi who iz resposible for what is happening now a days as far as CORRUPTION in CWG2010 OC is concerned.The first mistake was that The congress itself given free hand to MR.Kalamadi to any thing.It should not be happened.This is a big event for our country and it would not be handeled single handly as it happened.There was time when Mr Kalamadi thought that his position was above SPORTS MINISTRY.I think Mr.Mani Shankar Aiyer was right that time when he questioned capability and HONESTY of Mr.Suresh Kalamadi.I think we will get some similerity in CWG2010 and MADHU KODA's JHARKHAND episode when we will be at the threshold of the Yera 2011...
Monday, August 02, 2010
IBS
BANKING SURVEY POINTS- MOST IMPORTANT
1)BANKING 1M3 grew by 14 percent – last year 16.6%
2) BANK CREDIT sector increase of 20.4
3)M0GREW 14.1 – LAST YEAR 16.7% 4)Total bank credit increased by 14.2% 5) RIDF_ setup1995 1996 maintained By NABARD _mainobjective to provide loans to state government 6)Kisan credit cards 1998 99-operated through Co-operative bank commercial bank andRRB 414 lakhs cards iissue, 4.35 Crores 7) Finance to self help gropu started in 1992-90% to women group 8) AIFI-iicicimerged with ICICI Bank in march 2002-IDBI Limitedand IDBI Bank merged – working group on development financing headed by N.SATHASIVAM
1)BANKING 1M3 grew by 14 percent – last year 16.6%
2) BANK CREDIT sector increase of 20.4
3)M0GREW 14.1 – LAST YEAR 16.7% 4)Total bank credit increased by 14.2% 5) RIDF_ setup1995 1996 maintained By NABARD _mainobjective to provide loans to state government 6)Kisan credit cards 1998 99-operated through Co-operative bank commercial bank andRRB 414 lakhs cards iissue, 4.35 Crores 7) Finance to self help gropu started in 1992-90% to women group 8) AIFI-iicicimerged with ICICI Bank in march 2002-IDBI Limitedand IDBI Bank merged – working group on development financing headed by N.SATHASIVAM
KNOW INDIAN ECONOMY
CURRENT BANKING RATE (AS ON 16TH JUNE , 2008 )
BANK RATE - 6.00 %
REPO RATE - 8.00 %
REVERSE REPO RATE - 6.00 %
CRR - 8.25 %
SLR - 25.00 %
PLR - 12.75 % - 13.25 %
SAVING BANK RATE - 3.5 %
DEPOSIT RATE - 7.50 % - 9.60 %
BANKING SYSTEM :
1.Money market It refers to borrowing and lending. 2 parts organized and unorganized sector – Organized sector are State Bank, 7 associated banks, 19 Nationalised banks, RRB, Co-operative Banks, Non Governmental sector and other Banks. Unorganized includes the moneylenders and indigenous bankers. 2.Development of Indian Banking: Bank of Hindusthan 1779 was first bank at Calcuttaunder European management-Bank of Bengal 1806 , Bank of Bombay 1840, bank of Madras 1843, were called Presidency banks. 1881- First Bank with limited liability to be managed by Indian Board namely the Oudh Commercial bank- 1894- First purely Indian bank was Punjab National bank- Later Imperial bank 1921 by amalgamating the Presidency banks. RBI created in 1935- nationalized in 1949 – Imperial Bank, renamed as SBI in 1955- 14 Banks (50 crores) nationalized6-96 Banks (2 00crores) nationalized 1980 – N.B.I. merged with P.N.B. in 1993. 3.R.B.I: It has Governor and Board of Directors apart from Central Board 4 local boards. It has following functions: -
Functions Of Banks :
1.Issue of Notes: followed Minimum Reserve System(MRS) – 200 Crore(115Crore gold+85Crore foreign exchange etc.)
2.Banker , Agent and Adviser to the Govt
3.Banker’s Bank : Banking Regulation Act 1949 - Lender to the last resort.(loan to Commerlised Bank)
BANK RATE - 6.00 %
REPO RATE - 8.00 %
REVERSE REPO RATE - 6.00 %
CRR - 8.25 %
SLR - 25.00 %
PLR - 12.75 % - 13.25 %
SAVING BANK RATE - 3.5 %
DEPOSIT RATE - 7.50 % - 9.60 %
BANKING SYSTEM :
1.Money market It refers to borrowing and lending. 2 parts organized and unorganized sector – Organized sector are State Bank, 7 associated banks, 19 Nationalised banks, RRB, Co-operative Banks, Non Governmental sector and other Banks. Unorganized includes the moneylenders and indigenous bankers. 2.Development of Indian Banking: Bank of Hindusthan 1779 was first bank at Calcuttaunder European management-Bank of Bengal 1806 , Bank of Bombay 1840, bank of Madras 1843, were called Presidency banks. 1881- First Bank with limited liability to be managed by Indian Board namely the Oudh Commercial bank- 1894- First purely Indian bank was Punjab National bank- Later Imperial bank 1921 by amalgamating the Presidency banks. RBI created in 1935- nationalized in 1949 – Imperial Bank, renamed as SBI in 1955- 14 Banks (50 crores) nationalized6-96 Banks (2 00crores) nationalized 1980 – N.B.I. merged with P.N.B. in 1993. 3.R.B.I: It has Governor and Board of Directors apart from Central Board 4 local boards. It has following functions: -
Functions Of Banks :
1.Issue of Notes: followed Minimum Reserve System(MRS) – 200 Crore(115Crore gold+85Crore foreign exchange etc.)
2.Banker , Agent and Adviser to the Govt
3.Banker’s Bank : Banking Regulation Act 1949 - Lender to the last resort.(loan to Commerlised Bank)
YOUTH THE POLITICAL PEOPLE
Democracy is the buzz word for our political system. But is it really so? Is it democracy that a nation where a majority of population is below 40 elects a majority of people above 60 to power? Are we really satisfied with the way our country is being governed? Should it not bother us that at the age people generally take retirement and rest, our politicians actually become eligible to be at the helm of affairs? Why is it so that people below 50 years are considered as political ‘kids’?
The country desperately needs some young leaders who personify energy, enthusiasm, morality, and diligence. No doubt we have progressed a lot in the last 62 years but the development pace would have been completely different had some young torchbearers led this process of development.
At the time of independence, Gandhi called upon the youth to participate actively in the freedom movement. Young leaders likes Nehru came to his reckoning and led the movement. But this is not the case now. Nowadays we have only a handful of young leaders like Rahul Gandhi, Sachin Pilot, Varun Gandhi etc, but they are in the political scenario because they belong to influential political families. It is next to impossible to find a young leader with no political family background in the furor of politics.
There can be two reasons for this deplorable scene of Indian politics. One may be that the youth today are not interested in actively participating in the political field. They are content with what they are doing and how the country is being governed. But this reason seems to hold no ground seeing the discontent shown by the youngsters towards cases like reservation, Jessica lal murder case etc. The youth of modern India are aware of the problems facing our country and the world at large. Given a chance they would be ready to change the political condition of the country for better.
Second reason may be that young people are not given opportunities to prove themselves claiming that they are not equipped with experience to participate actively in the governance of the country. This reason seems to be more logical seeing the monopoly of old leaders in almost all the major political parties of the country. Old people should realize that proper development can take place only when they make way for younger people to take control of the activities.
There are few things which need to be clarified. One that youngsters do not mean people who are 20 years old with no experience at all. Youth in this context is meant to refer people in their 30’s or early 40’s with a good mix of energy and experience. Two, it is not intended to mean that old people should leave the political scene and rest. What is wanted is that they should be there but for guidance because they are treasures of invaluable experience.
There are a few things which I would like to suggest. There should be a retirement age for politicians as well which may be around 65 years. There should also be some educational qualification for politicians. How can we give those illiterates the key to our country whom we can not give the key to our house? People with serious criminal background should not be allowed to contest elections.
As for the youth of our country, they can contribute in more ways than just contesting elections. Much can be done in areas like educating people, raising awareness about various social ills, and many other areas.
We can just wish that the next time we go to vote we find more names of youngsters who can make our country a better place to live in.
The country desperately needs some young leaders who personify energy, enthusiasm, morality, and diligence. No doubt we have progressed a lot in the last 62 years but the development pace would have been completely different had some young torchbearers led this process of development.
At the time of independence, Gandhi called upon the youth to participate actively in the freedom movement. Young leaders likes Nehru came to his reckoning and led the movement. But this is not the case now. Nowadays we have only a handful of young leaders like Rahul Gandhi, Sachin Pilot, Varun Gandhi etc, but they are in the political scenario because they belong to influential political families. It is next to impossible to find a young leader with no political family background in the furor of politics.
There can be two reasons for this deplorable scene of Indian politics. One may be that the youth today are not interested in actively participating in the political field. They are content with what they are doing and how the country is being governed. But this reason seems to hold no ground seeing the discontent shown by the youngsters towards cases like reservation, Jessica lal murder case etc. The youth of modern India are aware of the problems facing our country and the world at large. Given a chance they would be ready to change the political condition of the country for better.
Second reason may be that young people are not given opportunities to prove themselves claiming that they are not equipped with experience to participate actively in the governance of the country. This reason seems to be more logical seeing the monopoly of old leaders in almost all the major political parties of the country. Old people should realize that proper development can take place only when they make way for younger people to take control of the activities.
There are few things which need to be clarified. One that youngsters do not mean people who are 20 years old with no experience at all. Youth in this context is meant to refer people in their 30’s or early 40’s with a good mix of energy and experience. Two, it is not intended to mean that old people should leave the political scene and rest. What is wanted is that they should be there but for guidance because they are treasures of invaluable experience.
There are a few things which I would like to suggest. There should be a retirement age for politicians as well which may be around 65 years. There should also be some educational qualification for politicians. How can we give those illiterates the key to our country whom we can not give the key to our house? People with serious criminal background should not be allowed to contest elections.
As for the youth of our country, they can contribute in more ways than just contesting elections. Much can be done in areas like educating people, raising awareness about various social ills, and many other areas.
We can just wish that the next time we go to vote we find more names of youngsters who can make our country a better place to live in.
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